IPB University Expert Explains the Transmission of the Plague, Rats and Fleas Play a Key Role

The plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Its transmission is closely linked to rats and fleas that live as parasites on these rodents. Understanding the relationship between the two is a crucial step in preventing the risk of plague transmission in human communities.

Dr Swastiko Priyambodo, a lecturer in the Department of Plant Protection at IPB University’s Faculty of Agriculture, explained that rat fleas, including Xenopsylla cheopis, act as vectors in the transmission of the plague. Fleas are ectoparasites that feed on the blood of rats. The bacteria that cause the plague can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected flea.

“Thus, there are three trophic levels that interact in the transmission of the plague: rats, rat fleas, and the plague bacteria,” he explained.

According to Dr Swastiko, fleas generally do not switch hosts as long as they can survive on their previous host. However, when the rat they are parasitizing dies, the fleas will seek a new host. If an infected flea then bites a human, the bacteria that cause the plague can enter the human body.

In principle, various rat species have the potential to play a role in the transmission of this disease. However, house rats and Norway rats are of particular concern because they live in close proximity to humans, resulting in a higher likelihood of contact.

The plague also has a grim history. Between 1347 and 1351, the Black Death ravaged Europe, North Africa, and West Asia, causing a massive number of deaths. This event demonstrates the impact the plague can have when its transmission spreads widely.

Regarding concerns about recent cases in Russia, Dr Swastiko believes that the presence of fleas as vectors must be taken into account when assessing the risk of transmission. According to him, the likelihood of transmission through this route is very low if there are no fleas acting as vectors. However, risk assessments must still be based on test results and official information from health authorities.

In Indonesia, plague is still found in limited areas in several regencies on the island of Java and is continuously monitored by the Ministry of Health. Therefore, rodent control in residential areas is a crucial part of prevention.

“Rodent control in habitats near humans is something we must implement, particularly through sanitation measures and by removing human food sources that rats can eat, such as trash,” he explained.

In addition to bubonic plague, the public also needs to be aware of leptospirosis and hantavirus, which are associated with rat urine. Leptospirosis can be transmitted through water or soil contaminated with the urine of infected animals, while certain hantaviruses can spread through the air when contaminated particles are inhaled.

By keeping their surroundings clean, managing waste properly, and reducing food sources for rats, the public can help reduce the risk of rodent-related diseases. (Ez) (IAAS/KQA)